TEM WAVES: A Summary from Malcolm Davidson

TEM WAVES is a series of articles on the Transverse ElectroMagnetic wave that forms the basis for a model of light and electricity.

This is a guest post from Ivor Catt’s colleague, his summary of our replacement theory for electric charge and electric current. “Our” meaning a number of men who either make contributions or subscribe to this view- it isn’t just one man in the wilderness. More information is available at

Electromagnetism 1 by Ivor Catt - free book on the web and

The TEM Wave Theory of Electricity along with some animations at

Bishop Cubes - YouTube

ExH fields refers to the electric amd magnetic field components of the TEM wave. These are perpendicular to each other and transverse to the direction of the TEM wave. The Heaviside-Poynting vector is a static representation of them, but we are referring to the dynamic fields, which always and only move at the speed of light.

A diagram showing how the two counterpropagating ExH fields moving at the speed of light, c, produce the illusion of stationary fields, as discussed by Malcolm below. I used B instead of H in this picture. -FB

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The ExH-Wave Revolution: Correcting 150 Years of Misguided Electromagnetic Theory

by Malcolm F. Davidson, 2025

1. Overview

For over 150 years, electromagnetic theory has been taught with deeply flawed assumptions, particularly regarding the origins of electric and magnetic fields, charge, current, and energy propagation. This paper presents a paradigm shift in how we understand electrical energy, replacing outdated charge-based physics with a pure ExH-wave model.

The work of Ivor Catt and Malcolm Davidson over the past 50 years has uncovered fundamental flaws in Maxwell’s Equations, leading to the realization that:
✅ Charge is not a fundamental property but an emergent effect of ExH-wave equilibrium.
✅ Current is not the cause of magnetic fields but a response to ExH-wave propagation.
✅ Capacitors and inductors do not store energy but act as constrained ExH open circuit transmission lines.
✅ Light is not a particle—it is always an ExH wave.

This work has met significant resistance from academic institutions, which continue to teach flawed models despite clear contradictions. The Donut Wisdom Model (DWM) explains this resistance, distinguishing between Wholey Donut (WD) thinkers, who seek truth, and Holey Donut (HD) thinkers, who cling to flawed ideas for institutional convenience.

2. Historical Perspective

2.1 The Limitations of Early Scientific Pioneers

The early pioneers of electromagnetism, such as James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Heaviside, J.A. Fleming, Heinrich Hertz, and Nikola Tesla, made groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of electromagnetic phenomena. However, they were severely limited by the lack of sophisticated instrumentation.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, scientists relied primarily on:

• Electromechanical instruments (galvanometers, spark gaps, and induction coils) that could only measure bulk electrical effects.

• Primitive oscilloscopes that lacked the resolution to observe ExH wave interactions in real-time.

• Experimental setups constrained by available materials (low-purity conductors, inefficient insulators, and unreliable measurement techniques).

Because of these limitations, Maxwell and his contemporaries developed mathematical models to describe electromagnetism rather than relying on direct empirical observation of field interactions. This led to a heavy dependence on theoretical constructs, such as charge-based field origins and displacement current, which remain embedded in physics education today despite their flaws.

With modern high-frequency oscilloscopes, network analyzers, and computational modeling, we now have direct evidence that ExH waves propagate independently of charge-based mechanisms. The resistance of academic institutions to update their frameworks is therefore not due to a lack of information but rather institutional inertia and reluctance to challenge long-held assumptions.

2.2 The Victorian Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory

James Clerk Maxwell formulated his equations in the mid-19th century, but they were interpreted and modified by Oliver Heaviside, who removed the quaternion notation and reduced them to the four equations still used today. These equations assumed:

• Charge creates electric fields (Gauss’s Law).

• Current creates magnetic fields (Ampère’s Law).

• Changing magnetic fields induce electric fields (Faraday’s Law).

• Changing electric fields create magnetic fields (Maxwell’s Correction to Ampère’s Law).

These assumptions went unchallenged because there were no instruments to observe ExH-wave propagation directly. The mathematical structure worked well enough for practical applications, leading to institutional acceptance without verification of its conceptual correctness.

2.3 The Contributions of Ivor Catt & Malcolm Davidson

Since the 1970s, Ivor Catt has been questioning the charge-centric model, proposing instead that all electromagnetic energy propagates as ExH waves in space. Malcolm Davidson expanded on this, proving that:

• Batteries do not store static charge—they sustain an ExH equilibrium.

• The concept of “displacement current” is unnecessary.

• The wave-particle duality paradox is a result of flawed interpretations of ExH-wave interactions.

• Superconductors do not have zero losses—they obstruct ExH penetration rather than conducting energy inside.

These insights were met with academic resistance, as institutions favor instrumentalism over truth-seeking, perpetuating flawed teachings for convenience.

3. Developing the 12 Bedrock Axioms of ExH-Wave Physics

Axioms and Logic Behind the Axioms

1. Zo is the Characteristic Impedance of Space

Defined by permeability and permittivity; not a conductor property but a fundamental of the medium.

2. c is the Natural Propagation Speed of ExH Waves

Maxwell’s speed of light equation works without charge, proving c is intrinsic to the medium.

3. A Perfect Conductor is an ExH Obstructor

Conductors do not "carry" energy; they block ExH fields and force propagation outside.

4. Superconductors Do Not Have Zero Losses

Losses occur in wave interactions, not I²R, which explains superconductive behavior more accurately.

5. Current is an Effect, Not a Cause

Electron drift is a response to ExH fields, disproving Ampère’s assumption that current "creates" magnetic fields.

6. E and H Always Exist Together

Neither "causes" the other; both propagate in an inseparable ExH wave.

7. Voltage is an ExH Equilibrium

A battery sustains a field balance; voltage is a wave effect, not stored charge.

8. Capacitance is an Open Circuit Transmission Line

A capacitor is simply an open transmission line with constrained ExH propagation.

9. Inductance is a Short Circuit Transmission Line

Inductors sustain an ExH wave rather than storing magnetic energy.

10. The Wave-Particle Duality Myth is False

Light is always an ExH wave; quantum absorption effects do not require particle assumptions.

11. The Electron is an ExH Standing Wave

Charge and mass arise from confined ExH interactions, not fundamental properties.

12. Charge is Not a Fundamental Property

Charge is a measurable ExH field interaction, not an intrinsic trait of matter.

✅ By integrating these corrections, we bridge the gap between flawed traditional theory and a self-consistent ExH wave framework.

-Malcolm Davidson

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